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Journal of Big Data

Table 9 Results of the proposed IBAVO-AO algorithm and other optimization algorithms using other datasets for FND

From: An adaptive hybrid african vultures-aquila optimizer with Xgb-Tree algorithm for fake news detection

Dataset

Metric

IBAVO-AO

BAVO

BAO

BSSA

BASO

BHGSO

BHHO

BSFO

BBA

BGOA

BABC

BPSO

FA-KES [82]

Accuracy

0.6406

0.6141

0.6163

0.6124

0.5627

0.5673

0.6088

0.5823

0.5746

0.6066

0.6128

0.5909

BuzzFeed [83]

Accuracy

0.8982

0.8514

0.8523

0.8541

0.7586

0.7739

0.8333

0.7919

0.7550

0.8279

0.8495

0.7964

UTK (Kaggle) [84]

Accuracy

0.8331

0.8303

0.8300

0.8286

0.8201

0.8265

0.8281

0.8300

0.8229

0.8279

0.8320

0.8259

Data (Kaggle) [85]

Accuracy

0.9445

0.9401

0.9394

0.9397

0.9322

0.9336

0.9381

0.9348

0.9309

0.9376

0.9399

0.9345

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Fitness

0.3598

0.3865

0.3841

0.3881

0.4381

0.4338

0.3918

0.4183

0.4259

0.3941

0.3883

0.4098

BuzzFeed

Fitness

0.1048

0.1516

0.1507

0.1488

0.2438

0.2294

0.1697

0.2112

0.2473

0.1752

0.1540

0.2065

UTK (Kaggle)

Fitness

0.1715

0.1744

0.1747

0.1762

0.1845

0.1784

0.1765

0.1753

0.1814

0.1763

0.1739

0.1785

Data (Kaggle)

Fitness

0.0598

0.0642

0.0648

0.0649

0.0725

0.0718

0.0665

0.0703

0.0731

0.0670

0.0650

0.0698

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Features Size

20.2000

22.4667

21.5000

21.9333

25.6333

27.0667

22.7667

23.9667

23.9333

23.1667

25.1000

24.2000

BuzzFeed

Features Size

20.2333

22.3000

22.3667

21.5667

23.6333

27.8333

23.5333

25.6667

23.6333

24.3333

25.3000

24.4333

UTK (Kaggle)

Features Size

31.3667

32.0000

31.9333

32.2667

31.9000

33.2667

31.4333

32.3200

30.2000

29.8000

38.2000

30.8000

Data (Kaggle)

Features Size

24.2667

24.3000

24.1667

26.1667

27.1667

30.2000

26.3000

28.4333

23.3667

26.0000

27.8333

24.6333

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {2|0|2}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

1|0|3

1|0|3

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Kappa

0.2809

0.2279

0.2324

0.2243

0.1250

0.1342

0.2173

0.1644

0.1489

0.2129

0.2252

0.1816

BuzzFeed

Kappa

0.7913

0.6953

0.6972

0.7023

0.5096

0.5393

0.6583

0.5774

0.5014

0.6478

0.6917

0.5842

UTK (Kaggle)

Kappa

0.6663

0.6605

0.6599

0.6572

0.6402

0.6530

0.6561

0.6599

0.6458

0.6559

0.6641

0.6519

Data (Kaggle)

Kappa

0.8890

0.8801

0.8789

0.8794

0.8644

0.8671

0.8762

0.8695

0.8618

0.8751

0.8799

0.8690

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Precision

0.6471

0.6204

0.6202

0.6192

0.5131

0.5694

0.6129

0.5834

0.5767

0.6112

0.6206

0.5935

BuzzFeed

Precision

0.8969

0.8587

0.8605

0.8730

0.7044

0.8042

0.8445

0.8262

0.7905

0.8412

0.8588

0.8196

UTK (Kaggle)

Precision

0.8389

0.8352

0.8340

0.8346

0.5602

0.8304

0.8331

0.8328

0.8281

0.8331

0.8349

0.8311

Data (Kaggle)

Precision

0.9239

0.9201

0.9201

0.9204

0.9565

0.9157

0.9190

0.9153

0.9119

0.9188

0.9217

0.9164

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {3|0|1}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

1|0|3

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Recall

0.6102

0.5764

0.5880

0.5720

0.5324

0.5316

0.5782

0.5591

0.5427

0.5733

0.5720

0.5622

BuzzFeed

Recall

0.9317

0.8889

0.8889

0.8762

0.7762

0.8000

0.8714

0.8063

0.7794

0.8635

0.8857

0.8270

UTK (Kaggle)

Recall

0.8264

0.8246

0.8255

0.8212

0.8119

0.8223

0.8222

0.8138

0.8167

0.8218

0.8244

0.8199

Data (Kaggle)

Recall

0.9689

0.9639

0.9625

0.9627

0.9535

0.9551

0.9609

0.9582

0.9540

0.9600

0.9616

0.9563

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

F1-score

0.6271

0.5970

0.6031

0.5937

0.5466

0.5491

0.5943

0.5704

0.5583

0.5909

0.5940

0.5767

BuzzFeed

F1-score

0.9118

0.8711

0.8718

0.8714

0.7844

0.8002

0.8556

0.8141

0.7826

0.8502

0.8694

0.8215

UTK (Kaggle)

F1-score

0.8325

0.8298

0.8297

0.8278

0.8192

0.8263

0.8276

0.8277

0.8224

0.8274

0.8321

0.8254

Data (Kaggle)

F1-score

0.9458

0.9415

0.9408

0.9411

0.9336

0.9350

0.9395

0.9362

0.9324

0.9389

0.9412

0.9359

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Specificity

0.6706

0.6513

0.6443

0.6522

0.5925

0.6026

0.6390

0.6053

0.6061

0.6395

0.6531

0.6193

BuzzFeed

Specificity

0.8542

0.8021

0.8042

0.8250

0.7354

0.7396

0.7833

0.7729

0.7229

0.7812

0.8021

0.7562

UTK (Kaggle)

Specificity

0.8400

0.8360

0.8344

0.8360

0.8284

0.8307

0.8339

0.8361

0.8291

0.8340

0.8347

0.8320

Data (Kaggle)

Specificity

0.9201

0.9162

0.9164

0.9167

0.9110

0.9120

0.9153

0.9113

0.9078

0.9152

0.9183

0.9127

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Sensitivity

0.6102

0.5764

0.5880

0.5720

0.5324

0.5316

0.5782

0.5591

0.5427

0.5733

0.5720

0.5622

BuzzFeed

Sensitivity

0.9317

0.8889

0.8889

0.8762

0.7762

0.8000

0.8714

0.8063

0.7794

0.8635

0.8857

0.8270

UTK (Kaggle)

Sensitivity

0.8264

0.8246

0.8255

0.8212

0.8119

0.8223

0.8222

0.8138

0.8167

0.8218

0.8244

0.8199

Data (Kaggle)

Sensitivity

0.9689

0.9639

0.9625

0.9627

0.9535

0.9551

0.9609

0.9582

0.9540

0.9600

0.9616

0.9563

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

ROC_AUC

0.6177

0.5881

0.5919

0.5869

0.5389

0.5444

0.5778

0.5590

0.5431

0.5794

0.5809

0.5582

BuzzFeed

ROC_AUC

0.8942

0.8478

0.8600

0.8536

0.7735

0.7957

0.8364

0.8009

0.7641

0.8451

0.8560

0.7947

UTK (Kaggle)

ROC_AUC

0.9180

0.9162

0.9164

0.9159

0.9105

0.9146

0.9151

0.9145

0.9141

0.9143

0.9175

0.9138

Data (Kaggle)

ROC_AUC

0.9702

0.9683

0.9678

0.9680

0.9652

0.9677

0.9666

0.9663

0.9637

0.9679

0.9681

0.9665

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

MCC

0.2822

0.2288

0.2331

0.2256

0.1255

0.1348

0.2182

0.1649

0.1495

0.2138

0.2267

0.1823

BuzzFeed

MCC

0.7980

0.7020

0.7036

0.7095

0.5134

0.5426

0.6641

0.5815

0.5050

0.6527

0.6983

0.5879

UTK (Kaggle)

MCC

0.6664

0.6606

0.6600

0.6573

0.6404

0.6530

0.6562

0.6603

0.6459

0.6560

0.6641

0.6520

Data (Kaggle)

MCC

0.8901

0.8812

0.8799

0.8804

0.8653

0.8680

0.8772

0.8705

0.8627

0.8761

0.8807

0.8699

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

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