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Table 8 Results of the proposed IBAVO-AO algorithm and well-known ML methods using other datasets for FND

From: An adaptive hybrid african vultures-aquila optimizer with Xgb-Tree algorithm for fake news detection

Dataset

Metric

IBAVO-AO

k-NN

SVM

DT

RF

GNB

MLP

FA-KES [82]

Accuracy

0.6406

0.4371

0.5364

0.4967

0.5166

0.4901

0.4172

BuzzFeed [83]

Accuracy

0.8982

0.3784

0.4595

0.5676

0.4865

0.5405

0.5135

UTK (Kaggle) [84]

Accuracy

0.8331

0.6196

0.5495

0.5896

0.6174

0.5150

0.6002

Data (Kaggle) [85]

Accuracy

0.9445

0.6965

0.6979

0.6925

0.7206

0.7019

0.7580

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Kappa

0.2809

0.1258

0.0694

0.0093

0.0335

0.0214

0.1634

BuzzFeed

Kappa

0.7913

0.1869

0.0289

0.2128

0.0057

0.1465

0.0513

UTK (Kaggle)

Kappa

0.6663

0.2392

0.1017

0.1815

0.2364

0.0321

0.2001

Data (Kaggle)

Kappa

0.8890

0.3930

0.3957

0.3850

0.4412

0.4037

0.5160

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Precision

0.6471

0.4342

0.5758

0.4889

0.5125

0.4828

0.4330

BuzzFeed

Precision

0.8969

0.4167

0.6667

0.7576

0.5714

0.7500

0.6000

UTK (Kaggle)

Precision

0.8389

0.6224

0.7361

0.8414

0.7679

0.5400

0.5915

Data (Kaggle)

Precision

0.9239

0.7712

0.7913

0.6607

0.6767

0.7475

0.7718

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

Recall

0.6102

0.4400

0.2533

0.2933

0.5467

0.3733

0.5600

BuzzFeed

Recall

0.9317

0.2381

0.0952

0.2381

0.3810

0.2857

0.4286

UTK (Kaggle)

Recall

0.8264

0.6155

0.1598

0.2247

0.3407

0.2271

0.6578

Data (Kaggle)

Recall

0.9689

0.5588

0.5374

0.7914

0.8449

0.6096

0.7326

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

FA-KES

F1-score

0.6271

0.4371

0.3519

0.3667

0.5290

0.4211

0.4884

BuzzFeed

F1-score

0.9118

0.3030

0.1667

0.3846

0.4571

0.4138

0.5000

UTK (Kaggle)

F1-score

0.8325

0.6189

0.2626

0.3547

0.4720

0.3198

0.6229

Data (Kaggle)

F1-score

0.9458

0.6481

0.6401

0.7202

0.7515

0.6716

0.7517

Ranking

\(\mathrm {W|T|L}\)

\(\mathbf {4|0|0}\)

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4

0|0|4