Table 25 Statistical results of welded beam design problem solved by each algorithm

RSA

2.302444

78235.81

3914.288

17493.47

GWO

1.697297

1.704188

1.700271

0.002129

SCSO

1.697076

5.392866

2.369905

1.268177

WOA

1.766037

3.745178

2.484301

0.664593

RSO

1.879007

219313.1

13627.98

49011.31

HHO

1.756419

2.813293

2.030536

0.263279

SCA

1.76066

1.989149

1.882108

0.068482

AOA

1.827046

3.014027

2.422886

0.36323

HGS

1.703834

2.919799

1.958669

0.303923

AO

1.761452

2.428079

2.100519

0.210971

BWO

1.798354

3.220163

2.281636

0.323872

HBWO

1.695252

1.695288

1.695269

1.08E-05