Table 21 Statistical results of pressure tension/compression spring design solved by each algorithm

RSA

0.01293

22.82145

3.43483

8.355575

PSO

0.012664

0.01467

0.013247

0.00055

SCSO

0.012665

0.01509

0.01302

0.000664

WOA

0.012671

0.01599

0.013466

0.000864

RSO

0.014021

86.55716

37.61433

36.7287

HHO

0.012665

0.016153

0.01366

0.001056

SCA

0.012716

0.013318

0.013034

0.000177

AOA

0.013203

0.031123

0.014292

0.004006

HGS

0.012684

8.199925

0.426629

1.829681

AO

0.013299

0.027544

0.019613

0.003927

BWO

0.013078

0.021185

0.014592

0.002216

HBWO

0.012663

0.012942

0.012699

7.20E-05