Table 20 Optimal results of each algorithm for solving tension/compression spring design problem

RSA

0.05

0.31429

14.456237

0.01293

PSO

0.0515523

0.35349

11.478083

0.012664

SCSO

0.0519597

0.36332

10.909539

0.012665

WOA

0.0523329

0.372461

10.419984

0.012671

RSO

0.059779

0.577567

4.7930539

0.014021

HHO

0.0519361

0.362744

10.941707

0.012665

SCA

0.0507414

0.334428

12.763502

0.012716

AOA

0.05

0.310658

15

0.013203

HGS

0.0525589

0.378022

10.146146

0.012684

AO

0.05

0.312914

15

0.013299

BWO

0.05

0.314572

14.629211

0.013078

HBWO

0.0516801

0.35656

11.295501

0.012663