Table 18 Optimal results of each algorithm for solving the three-bar truss design problem

RSA

0.911284

0.088933

1.935997

GWO

0.9138799

0.08632

1.935804

SCSO

0.9145443

0.08565

1.935803

WOA

0.9186338

0.081533

1.936093

RSO

0.8539183

0.13368

2.300392

HHO

0.9144492

0.085745

1.935804

SCA

0.9063154

0.094361

1.939053

AOA

0.9122142

0.088113

1.936051

HGS

0.95406

0.041941

1.969957

AO

0.9119137

0.088341

1.935951

BWO

0.9331996

0.067122

1.94161

HBWO

0.9145443

0.08565

1.935804