Table 3 Original data model AUROCs (with 95% confidence intervals)
Outcome of interest | Classifier | CCAE | MDCD | MDCR | IQVIA Germany |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acute myocardial infarction | Lasso |  | 0.86 (0.82–0.89) | 0.71 (0.69–0.73) |  |
Random forest |  | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | 0.69 (0.66–0.71) |  | |
XGBoost |  | 0.87 (0.85–0.90) | 0.71 (0.69–0.73) |  | |
Alopecia | Lasso | 0.61 (0.57–0.66) | 0.69 (0.65–0.73) | 0.69 (0.65–0.73) |  |
Random forest | 0.58 (0.53–0.63) | 0.65 (0.61–0.70) | 0.68 (0.64–0.72) |  | |
XGBoost | 0.64 (0.59–0.68) | 0.68 (0.64–0.73) | 0.68 (0.64–0.72) |  | |
Constipation | Lasso | 0.67 (0.64–0.69) | 0.65 (0.63–0.66) | 0.66 (0.65–0.68) | 0.80 (0.78–0.83) |
Random forest | 0.66 (0.64–0.69) | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) | 0.64 (0.63–0.66) | 0.81 (0.79–0.83) | |
XGBoost | 0.67 (0.65–0.69) | 0.65 (0.63–0.66) | 0.66 (0.65–0.68) | 0.80 (0.77–0.83) | |
Delirium | Lasso |  | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) | 0.75 (0.72–0.78) |  |
Random forest |  | 0.80 (0.76–0.84) | 0.73 (0.70–0.76) |  | |
XGBoost |  | 0.80 (0.75–0.84) | 0.74 (0.71–0.77) |  | |
Diarrhea | Lasso | 0.65 (0.63–0.67) | 0.67 (0.66–0.69) | 0.64 (0.62–0.65) |  |
Random forest | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) | 0.67 (0.65–0.69) | 0.62 (0.61–0.64) |  | |
XGBoost | 0.63 (0.61–0.66) | 0.67 (0.66–0.69) | 0.63 (0.61–0.65) |  | |
Fracture | Lasso | 0.61 (0.56–0.66) | 0.70 (0.67–0.74) | 0.67 (0.65–0.70) | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) |
Random forest | 0.61 (0.56–0.65) | 0.66 (0.63–0.70) | 0.65 (0.63–0.67) | 0.80 (0.77–0.84) | |
XGBoost | 0.62 (0.57–0.67) | 0.69 (0.65–0.72) | 0.67 (0.65–0.69) | 0.82 (0.79–0.86) | |
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | Lasso | 0.73 (0.67–0.78) | 0.74 (0.71–0.77) | 0.73 (0.71–0.76) |  |
Random forest | 0.72 (0.67–0.77) | 0.75 (0.72–0.78) | 0.72 (0.70–0.74) |  | |
XGBoost | 0.70 (0.65–0.75) | 0.74 (0.71–0.77) | 0.72 (0.70–0.75) |  | |
Hyponatremia | Lasso | 0.74 (0.69–0.78) | 0.84 (0.81–0.86) | 0.66 (0.64–0.68) |  |
Random forest | 0.73 (0.68–0.77) | 0.83 (0.80–0.85) | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) |  | |
XGBoost | 0.74 (0.70–0.78) | 0.84 (0.81–0.86) | 0.66 (0.64–0.68) |  | |
Hypotension | Lasso | 0.74 (0.70–0.78) | 0.75 (0.73–0.77) | 0.72 (0.71–0.74) | 0.71 (0.66–0.75) |
Random forest | 0.74 (0.70–0.78) | 0.74 (0.72–0.77) | 0.71 (0.70–0.73) | 0.71 (0.67–0.75) | |
XGBoost | 0.74 (0.71–0.78) | 0.75 (0.73–0.78) | 0.72 (0.70–0.74) | 0.71 (0.67–0.75) | |
Hypothyroidism | Lasso | 0.80 (0.78–0.83) | 0.76 (0.72–0.79) | 0.83 (0.81–0.85) | 0.86 (0.82–0.89) |
Random forest | 0.79 (0.76–0.82) | 0.74 (0.71–0.78) | 0.82 (0.80–0.84) | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) | |
XGBoost | 0.80 (0.77–0.83) | 0.75 (0.72–0.78) | 0.83 (0.81–0.85) | 0.86 (0.82–0.89) | |
Insomnia | Lasso | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) | 0.61 (0.60–0.63) | 0.67 (0.65–0.69) | 0.60 (0.57–0.63) |
Random forest | 0.62 (0.61–0.64) | 0.60 (0.58–0.61) | 0.66 (0.64–0.67) | 0.58 (0.55–0.60) | |
XGBoost | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) | 0.61 (0.60–0.63) | 0.67 (0.65–0.69) | 0.59 (0.56–0.62) | |
Ischemic stroke inpatient | Lasso |  |  | 0.79 (0.76–0.82) |  |
Random forest |  |  | 0.76 (0.73–0.79) |  | |
XGBoost |  |  | 0.78 (0.75–0.81) |  | |
Nausea | Lasso | 0.67 (0.66–0.69) | 0.66 (0.65–0.68) | 0.66 (0.64–0.68) | 0.75 (0.73–0.77) |
Random forest | 0.65 (0.64–0.67) | 0.65 (0.64–0.66) | 0.64 (0.63–0.66) | 0.75 (0.72–0.77) | |
XGBoost | 0.66 (0.65–0.68) | 0.66 (0.65–0.67) | 0.66 (0.64–0.68) | 0.75 (0.73–0.77) | |
Open-angle glaucoma | Lasso |  |  | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) |  |
Random forest |  |  | 0.77 (0.72–0.82) |  | |
XGBoost |  |  | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) |  | |
Seizure | Lasso | 0.75 (0.70–0.79) | 0.74 (0.71–0.77) | 0.74 (0.70–0.77) |  |
Random forest | 0.73 (0.69–0.78) | 0.71 (0.68–0.74) | 0.73 (0.70–0.77) |  | |
XGBoost | 0.72 (0.67–0.76) | 0.73 (0.70–0.76) | 0.73 (0.69–0.76) |  | |
Suicide and ideation | Lasso | 0.79 (0.77–0.81) | 0.76 (0.74–0.77) | 0.73 (0.69–0.77) |  |
Random forest | 0.75 (0.73–0.77) | 0.72 (0.71–0.74) | 0.64 (0.59–0.68) |  | |
XGBoost | 0.79 (0.77–0.81) | 0.75 (0.74–0.77) | 0.71 (0.67–0.75) |  | |
Tinnitus | Lasso | 0.66 (0.62–0.70) | 0.69 (0.64–0.74) | 0.60 (0.56–0.63) | 0.60 (0.56–0.65) |
Random forest | 0.64 (0.60–0.68) | 0.71 (0.67–0.76) | 0.58 (0.55–0.62) | 0.62 (0.58–0.66) | |
XGBoost | 0.66 (0.62–0.70) | 0.69 (0.65–0.74) | 0.59 (0.55–0.62) | 0.60 (0.55–0.65) | |
Ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death inpatient | Lasso |  | 0.83 (0.79–0.87) | 0.77 (0.74–0.79) |  |
Random forest |  | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 0.76 (0.73–0.79) |  | |
XGBoost |  | 0.83 (0.79–0.87) | 0.77 (0.74–0.80) |  | |
Vertigo | Lasso | 0.65 (0.61–0.70) | 0.72 (0.67–0.76) | 0.62 (0.59–0.65) | 0.63 (0.57–0.68) |
Random forest | 0.63 (0.58–0.68) | 0.70 (0.66–0.74) | 0.59 (0.55–0.62) | 0.65 (0.60–0.70) | |
XGBoost | 0.63 (0.58–0.67) | 0.71 (0.66–0.75) | 0.60 (0.57–0.64) | 0.63 (0.59–0.68) |