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Table 1 Comparison of error between CSDA and other existing methods

From: Novel sensitivity method for evaluating the first derivative of the feed-forward neural network outputs

@ x = pi/4

Exact

CSDA

FDA

CFDA

Output

3.10176

3.10167

3.55271

3.10862

Error

–

2.9e−5

0.1454

2.2e−3