Table 19 Results for all seven classifiers and SQL Injection web attacks across eight sampling ratios; Sampling column reports negative to positive class ratio after applying random undersampling, or “None” for case when no undersampling is applied; abbreviations are the same as in Table 8

LGB

None

0.49986

0.00049

—

DT

None

0.67703

0.04423

LGB

999:1

0.56805

0.08605

—

DT

999:1

0.69047

0.04916

LGB

99:1

0.83408

0.05856

—

DT

99:1

0.79755

0.07772

LGB

95:5

0.87746

0.05233

—

DT

95:5

0.82941

0.06519

LGB

9:1

0.9024

0.0411

—

DT

9:1

0.84456

0.08486

LGB

3:1

0.9333

0.0379

—

DT

3:1

0.90096

0.05703

LGB

65:35

0.946

0.02762

—

DT

65:35

0.92392

0.03285

LGB

1:1

0.94017

0.02363

—

DT

1:1

0.91443

0.03074

RF

None

0.65634

0.04689

—

NB

None

0.889

0.00622

RF

999:1

0.70019

0.05357

—

NB

999:1

0.89069

0.00288

RF

99:1

0.75521

0.06054

—

NB

99:1

0.89114

0.00325

RF

95:5

0.80161

0.06555

—

NB

95:5

0.89224

0.00329

RF

9:1

0.86003

0.05757

—

NB

9:1

0.89475

0.0043

RF

3:1

0.93073

0.03798

—

NB

3:1

0.89921

0.00573

RF

65:35

0.93146

0.03533

—

NB

65:35

0.90168

0.00404

RF

1:1

0.92295

0.02953

—

NB

1:1

0.90454

0.00526

XGB

None

0.5

0.0

—

LR

None

0.5

0.0

XGB

999:1

0.68787

0.0593

—

LR

999:1

0.5

0.0

XGB

99:1

0.6929

0.04802

—

LR

99:1

0.5

0.0

XGB

95:5

0.80654

0.05411

—

LR

95:5

0.5

0.0

XGB

9:1

0.85162

0.07574

—

LR

9:1

0.5

0.0

XGB

3:1

0.92985

0.02822

—

LR

3:1

0.71601

0.06113

XGB

65:35

0.92172

0.04479

—

LR

65:35

0.73246

0.05251

XGB

1:1

0.899

0.0279

—

LR

1:1

0.81729

0.02758

CB

None

0.5651

0.04702

—

CB

999:1

0.68882

0.0493

—

CB

99:1

0.69655

0.05597

—

CB

95:5

0.72241

0.05719

—

CB

9:1

0.7693

0.05974

—

CB

3:1

0.89057

0.0555

—

CB

65:35

0.92163

0.03531

—

CB

1:1

0.90485

0.03245

—