Table 2 Various types of dynamic time segments used in different applications

Single parameter

A predefined value of time interval, e.g., 15 min is used to generate segments

Ozer et al. [60]

A different value of time interval, e.g., 30 min is used for segmentation

Do et al. [61], Farrahi et al. [62]

A relatively large value of the parameter, e.g., 2-h is used to generate time segments

Karatzoglou et al. [63]

Another large value of time interval, e.g., 3-h is used for segmentation to make the number of segments small

Phithakkitnukoon et al. [64]

Calendar

Various calendar schedules and corresponding time boundaries are used to model users’ behavior in temporal context

Khail et al. [65], Dekel et al. [66], Zulkernain et al. [67], Seo et al. [68], Sarker et al. [28, 59]

Multi-thresholds

To identify the lower and upper boundary of a particular segment for the purpose of segmenting time-series log data

Halvey et al. [38]

Data shape

A data shape based time-series data analysis

Zhang et al. [45], Shokoohi et al. [69]

Sliding window

A sliding window is used to analyze time-series data

Hartono et al. [70], Keogh et al. [71]

Clustering

A predefined number of clusters is used to discover rules from time-series data

Das et al. [72]

Genetic algorithm

A genetic algorithm is used to analyze time-series data

Lu et al. [73], Kandasamy et al. [74]