Table 2 List of included articles
From: Big Data and discrimination: perils, promises and solutions. A systematic review
Author, Year, Country | Design | Participants | Discipline | Field of application | Definition of discrimination | Reference to legislation/regulatory text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ajana (2015) [1], UK | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Migration | Unequal treatment | ||
Ajunwa et al. (2016) [2], USA | Theoretical | Bioethics | Employment | Not given—self explanatory | ||
Bakken and Reame (2016) [6], USA | Theoretical | Bioethics | Healthcare research | Not applicable—digital divide | ||
Barocas and Selbst (2016) [8], USA | Theoretical | Law | Employment | Disparate treatment/disparate impact | ||
Berendt and Preibusch (2014) [10], Belgium-UK | Other | Computer Science | Various | Juridical—legally protected classes | ||
Berendt and Preibusch (2017) [11], Belgium-UK | Other | Computer Science | Various | Illegitimate discrimination on grounds of four protected attributes | ||
Boyd and Crawford (2012) [12], Australia-USA | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Digital divide in research | Not applicable—digital divide | ||
Brannon (2017) [13], USA | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Social disparity | Not given—inequality | ||
Brayne (2017) [14], USA | Qualitative | A sample of Employees of LAPD (Officers and Civilians) | Social Sciences | Policing/criminology | Not given—inequality | |
Calders and Verwer (2010) [17], Netherlands | Other | Computer Science | Various | Not given—self explanatory | ||
Casanas i Comabella and Wanat (2015) [18], UK | Theoretical | Bioethics | Digital divide in research | Not applicable—digital divide | ||
Cato et al. [19], USA | Theoretical | Bioethics | Healthcare | Not given—injustice | Belmont Report; 1976 | |
Chouldechova (2017) [20], USA | Other | A sample of Caucasian/African American US Defendants | Computer Science | US criminal justice system | Disparate impact | |
Citron and Pasquale (2014) [21], USA | Theoretical | Law | Credit scoring | Not given—reference to protected classes | ||
Cohen et al. (2017) [22], USA | Theoretical | Bioethics | Healthcare | Not given—inequality | ||
d’Alessandro et al. (2017) [25], USA | Theoretical | Computer Science | Various | Disparate treatment/disparate impact | ||
de Vries (2010) [27], Belgium | Theoretical | Philosophy | Various | Unwarranted discrimination | ||
Francis and Francis (2017) [30], USA | Theoretical | Law | Healthcare and healthcare research | Not given—stigmatization and harm | ||
Hajian and Domingo-Ferrer (2013) [32], Spain | Other | Computer Science | Various | Not given—self explanatory | ||
Hajian et al. (2014) [33], Spain | Other | Computer Science | Various | Unfair or unequal treatment | Australian Legislation 2008; European Union Legislation 2009 | |
Hajian et al. (2015) [34], Italy-Spain | Other | Computer Science | Various | Unfair or unequal treatment | Australian Legislation 2014; European Union Legislation 2014 | |
Hildebrandt and Koops (2010) [35], USA | Theoretical | Law | Ambient intelligence | Unlawful/unfair discrimination | ||
Hirsch (2015) [36], USA | Theoretical | Law | Various | Not given—elusive concept | ||
Hoffman (2010) [37], USA | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Employment | Unlawful discrimination on basis of disability | Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 1990; Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 2003; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 1996 | |
Hoffman (2017) [38], USA | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Employment | Unlawful discrimination on basis of disability | Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 1990; Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 2003; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 1996 | |
Holtzhausen (2016) [39], USA | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Various | Not given—self explanatory | ||
Kamiran and Calders (2012) [42], Netherlands-UK | Other | Computer Science | Various | Unfair and unequal treatment | Australian Sex Discrimination Act, 1984; US Equal Pay Act, 1963; US Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 1974; European Council Directive, 2004 | |
Kamiran et al. (2013) [43], Netherlands-Saudi Arabia-UK | Other | Computer Science | Various | Unfair and unequal treatment | Australian Sex Discrimination Act, 1984; US Equal Pay Act, 1963 | |
Kennedy and Moss (2015) [44], UK | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Society and culture | Not given—self explanatory | ||
Kroll et al. (2017) [45], USA | Theoretical | Law | Various | Not given—opposite of fair treatment | ||
Kuempel (2016) [46], USA | Theoretical | Law | Various | Not given—self explanatory | ||
Le Meur et al. (2015) [47], France | Quantitative | A sample of pregnant women | Bioethics | Healthcare | Not given | |
Leese (2014) [48], Germany | Theoretical | Ethics | Aviation/migration | Principle of equality and non discrimination | [60]; European Convention on Human Rights, 1953; Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 1958 | |
Lerman (2013) [49], USA | Theoretical | Law | Digital divide in social participation | Social marginalization/exclusion | ||
Lupton (2015) [51], Australia | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Society | Not given—stigmatization | ||
MacDonnell (2015) [53], Ireland | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Insurance | Not given | ||
Mantelero (2016) [54], China-Italy | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Various | Unjust or prejudicial treatment | ||
Mao et al. (2015) [55], USA | Quantitative | A sample of citizens from Cote D’Ivoire | Social Sciences | Economic development | Not given—related to social and economic disparity | |
Newell and Marabelli (2015) [58], UK-USA | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Various | Not given—Harm towards vulnerable individuals | ||
Nielsen et al. (2017) [58], Brasil-USA | Quantitative | A sample of Twitter users in Brazil | Social sciences | Public health | Not given—self explanatory | |
Pak et al. (2017) [60], Belgium | Quantitative | Citizens of Brussels using “Fix My Street” App | Social Science | Urban and social involvement | Not given—social exclusion/disparity | |
Peppet (2014) [62], USA | Theoretical | Law | Various | Illegal or unwanted discrimination | ||
Ploug and Holm (2017) [64], Denmark | Theoretical | Bioethics | Society | Differential treatment and stigmatization | ||
Pope and Sydnor (2011) [66], USA | Other | Full sample of UI claimants from the State of New Jersey between 1995 and 1997 | Computer Science | Employment | Not given—self explanatory | |
Romei et al. (2013) [70], Italy | Quantitative | Italian female researchers | Computer Science | Academia | Unjustified distinction of individuals based on their membership | European Union Legislation, 2010 |
Ruggieri et al. (2010) [71], Italy | Other | Computer Science | Various | Juridical | Australian Legislation, 2010; European Union Legislation, 2010; United Nations Legislation, 2010; U.K. Legislation, 2010; U.S. Federal Legislation, 2010 | |
Sharon (2016) [74], Netherlands | Theoretical | Bioethics | Healthcare and Healthcare Research | Not given—self explanatory | ||
Schermer (2011) [73], Netherlands | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Not Defined | Not given—self explanatory/Stigmatization | ||
Susewind [76], Germany | Quantitative | Selected Asian countries | Social Sciences | Various | Not given—self explanatory | |
Taylor (2016) [78], Netherlands | Qualitative | West Africa Population (Cote d’Azur) | Social Sciences | Surveillance | Not given—self explanatory | |
Taylor (2017) [79], Netherlands | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Various | Disparity/inequality/exclusion | ||
Timmis et al. (2016) [80], UK | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Education | Not given—social exclusion/disparity | ||
Turow et al. (2015) [81], USA | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Marketing | Social discrimination | ||
Vaz et al. (2017) [83], Canada | Quantitative | Social Sciences | Urban development | Social inequalities | ||
Veale (2017) [84], UK | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Various | Not given—opposite of fairness and equality | ||
Voigt (2017) [85], Canada | Theoretical | Social Sciences | Healthcare | Inequality | ||
Zarate et al. (2016) [91], USA | Qualitative | Participants of the PGP (Personal Genome Project) | Bioethics | Various | Not given—self explanatory | |
Zarsky (2014) [93], Israel | Theoretical | Law | Various | Illusive concept—unfair or Unequal Treatment of the individual | ||
Zarsky (2016) [92], Israel | Theoretical | Law | Credit scoring | Unfairness and inequality | ||
Zliobaite and Custers (2016) [95], Finland-Netherlands | Other | Computer Science | Various | Juridical | Race Equality Directive (2000/43/EC), Employment Equality Directive (2007/78/EC), Gender Recast Directive (2006/54/EC), Gender Goods and Services Directive (2006/113/EC) | |
Zliobaite (2017) [94], Finland-Netherlands | Other | Computer Science | Various | Adversary treatment of people based on belonging to some group | Race Equality Directive (2000/43/EC), Employment Equality Directive (2007/78/EC), Gender Recast Directive (2006/54/EC), Gender Goods and Services Directive (2006/113/EC) |