Fig. 25
(Adopted from [474])
An example of using a PINN-based framework to study the fluid domain upon a cup of hot espresso coffee. Only the temperature and density images are used as the training data, which is traditionally considered to be insufficient to predict the corresponding velocity and pressure fields. a The training data in terms of the 3D temperature and density images are captured by the Tomo-BOS system; b an example of the 3D captured temperature image from a; c the captured images are fed to a PINN to predict the corresponding 3D velocity and pressure fields