| COR (95% CI) | p-value | AOR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex of child (Male@) | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
Female | 0.95 (0.79, 1.336) | 0.552 | Â | Â |
Age of child (0–11 months@) | 1 |  |  |  |
12–23 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.782 | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.079 |
24–59 | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 0.156 | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) |  < 0.001* |
The child received BCG (Yes@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 0.258 | Â | Â |
The child received vitamin A (Yes) | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
No | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 0.982 | Â | Â |
The child received medicine for intestine worms (Yes@) | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
No | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | 0.313 | Â | Â |
Stunting status (Normal@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Stunted | 1.18 (1.08, 1.32) |  < 0.001*** | 1.17 (1.01, 1.37) | 0.041 |
Wasting status (Normal@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wasted | 1.21 (1.04, 1.40) | 0.012* | 1.51 (1.24, 1.84) |  < 0.001*** |
Underweight status (Normal@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Underweighted | 1.33(1.21, 1.48) |  < 0.001*** | 1.14 (1.35, 1.54) | 0.004** |
Diarrhea status (No@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 4.43(4.16, 4.73) |  < 0.001*** | 9.73 (8.57, 11.05) |  < 0.001** |
Parental characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’ Educational level (No Education@) | 1 |  |  |  |
 Primary education | 0.76 (0.68, 0.85) |  < 0.001*** | 0.64 (0.50, 0.81) |  < 0.001*** |
 Secondary education | 0.51 (0.42, 0.63) |  < 0.001*** | 0.21 (0.11, 0.38) |  < 0.001*** |
 Higher | 0.38 (0.24, 0.58) |  < 0.001*** | 0.37 (0.12, 1.08) | 0.069 |
Father’ Educational level (No Education@) | 1 |  |  |  |
 Primary education | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) | 0.025** | 0.65 (0.53, 0.81) |  < 0.001*** |
 Secondary education | 0.75 (0.64, 0.88) | ,0.001*** | 0.37 (0.24, 0.57) |  < 0.001*** |
 Higher | 0.42 (0.32, 0.55) |  < 0.001*** | 0.31 (0.16, 0.59) |  < 0.001*** |
Age of mother (15–19 years@) | 1 |  |  |  |
 20–29 | 0.62 (0.42, 0.94) | 0.024* | 0.75 (0.49, 1.15) | 0.185 |
 30–39 | 0.73 (0.48, 1.12) | 0.151 | 0.89 (0.57,1.39) | 0.612 |
 40–49 | 1.15 (0.68, 1.93) | 0.598 | 0.97 (0.57, 1.66) | 0.923 |
Employment status of the mother (Working@) | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
 Not working | 1.43 (0.03,0.04) |  < 0.001*** | 1.08 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.015* |
Household factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wealth index (Poorest@) | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
 Poorer | 0.70 (0.47, 1.04) | 0.080 | 0.55(0.46, 0.67) |  < 0.001*** |
 Middle | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) | 0.628 | 0.77 (0.64, 0.93) | 0.007** |
 Richer | 0.61 (0.40,0.93) | 0.021* | 0.74 (0.61, 0.89) | 0.002*** |
 Richest | 0.36 (0.22, 0.59) |  < 0.001*** | 0.20 (0.15, 0.27) |  < 0.001*** |
Residence (Urban@) | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
 Rural | 1.72 (1.51, 1.95) |  < 0.001*** | 4.08 (3.10, 5.35) |  < 0.001*** |
Household size (Less than 5@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 5 or more | 1.17 (1.06, 1.30) | 0.002** | 1.14 (0.94 (1.38) | 0.178 |
Source of drinking water (Improved@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Unimproved | 1.66 (1.51, 1.82) |  < 0.001*** | 1.19 (1.05, 1.36) | 0.007** |
Type of toilet facility (Improved@) | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
 Unimproved | 1.29 (1.17, 1.42) |  < 0.001*** | 2.59 (2.08, 3.22) |  < 0.001*** |
Type of cooking fuel (Cleand@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Not cleaned | 3.57 (2.30, 5.55) |  < 0.001*** | 2.84 (1.97, 4.11) |  < 0.001*** |
States (regions) of Ethiopia | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Regions of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa@) | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
 Tigray | 3.47 (2.82, 4.29) |  < 0.001*** | 2.83 (2.11, 3.81)) |  < 0.001*** |
 Afar | 1.46 (1.16, 1.84) |  < 0.001*** | 1.77 (1.24, 2.51) |  < 0.001*** |
 Amhara | 2.37 (1.92,2.9) |  < 0.001*** | 2.35 (1.75, 3.170 |  < 0.001*** |
 Oromia | 2.99 (2.44, 3.70) |  < 0.001*** | 2.85 (2.13, 3.81) |  < 0.001*** |
 Somali | 1.58 (1.27, 1.98) |  < 0.001*** | 1.46 (1.04, 2.05) | 0.029** |
 Benshangul | 2.30 (1.85, 2.87) |  < 0.001*** | 2.43 (1.71, 3.43) |  < 0.001*** |
 SNNP | 2.31 (1.87, 2.84) |  < 0.001*** | 2.30 (1.70, 3.11) |  < 0.001*** |
 Gembela | 2.05 (1.63, 2.58) |  < 0.001*** | 2.08 (1.46, 2.94) |  < 0.001*** |
 Hareri | 1.08 (0.83, 1.39) | 0.567 | 1.12 (0.75, 1.68) | 0.564 |
 Dire-Dawa | 1.25 (0.97, 1.60) | 0.088 | 1.22 (0.83, 1.79) | 0.303 |
Survey Year (2000@) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 2005 | 0.40 (0.36, 0.45) | 0.005** | 0.42 (0.37, 0.47) |  < 0.001** |
 2011 | 0.44 (0.40, 0.48) | 0.004** | 0.46 (0.42, 0.51) |  < 0.001** |
 2016 | 0.30 (0.27, 0.33) |  < 0.001*** | 0.38 (0.34, 0.44) |  < 0.001*** |
Level | ICC | Std.err | (95% conf.Interval) | |
Zones | 0.0435 | 0.009 | (0.0283, 0.0660) |