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Table 2 Generalized multilevel mixed model parameter estimates of CIAF among under-five children in Ethiopia over time, 2000–2016

From: Spatial heterogeneities in acute lower respiratory infections prevalence and determinants across Ethiopian administrative zones

 

COR (95% CI)

p-value

AOR (95% CI)

p-value

Sex of child (Male@)

1

   

Female

0.95 (0.79, 1.336)

0.552

  

Age of child (0–11 months@)

1

   

12–23

0.97 (0.79, 1.20)

0.782

0.90 (0.81, 1.01)

0.079

24–59

1.12 (0.96, 1.31)

0.156

0.81 (0.73, 0.90)

 < 0.001*

The child received BCG (Yes@)

    

No

1.07 (0.97, 1.18)

0.258

  

The child received vitamin A (Yes)

1

   

No

1.01 (0.92, 1.10)

0.982

  

The child received medicine for intestine worms (Yes@)

1

   

No

1.09 (0.93, 1.28)

0.313

  

Stunting status (Normal@)

    

Stunted

1.18 (1.08, 1.32)

 < 0.001***

1.17 (1.01, 1.37)

0.041

Wasting status (Normal@)

    

Wasted

1.21 (1.04, 1.40)

0.012*

1.51 (1.24, 1.84)

 < 0.001***

Underweight status (Normal@)

    

Underweighted

1.33(1.21, 1.48)

 < 0.001***

1.14 (1.35, 1.54)

0.004**

Diarrhea status (No@)

    

Yes

4.43(4.16, 4.73)

 < 0.001***

9.73 (8.57, 11.05)

 < 0.001**

Parental characteristics

    

Mother’ Educational level (No Education@)

1

   

 Primary education

0.76 (0.68, 0.85)

 < 0.001***

0.64 (0.50, 0.81)

 < 0.001***

 Secondary education

0.51 (0.42, 0.63)

 < 0.001***

0.21 (0.11, 0.38)

 < 0.001***

 Higher

0.38 (0.24, 0.58)

 < 0.001***

0.37 (0.12, 1.08)

0.069

Father’ Educational level (No Education@)

1

   

 Primary education

0.89 (0.80, 0.99)

0.025**

0.65 (0.53, 0.81)

 < 0.001***

 Secondary education

0.75 (0.64, 0.88)

,0.001***

0.37 (0.24, 0.57)

 < 0.001***

 Higher

0.42 (0.32, 0.55)

 < 0.001***

0.31 (0.16, 0.59)

 < 0.001***

Age of mother (15–19 years@)

1

   

 20–29

0.62 (0.42, 0.94)

0.024*

0.75 (0.49, 1.15)

0.185

 30–39

0.73 (0.48, 1.12)

0.151

0.89 (0.57,1.39)

0.612

 40–49

1.15 (0.68, 1.93)

0.598

0.97 (0.57, 1.66)

0.923

Employment status of the mother (Working@)

1

   

 Not working

1.43 (0.03,0.04)

 < 0.001***

1.08 (1.01, 1.14)

0.015*

Household factors

    

Wealth index (Poorest@)

1

   

 Poorer

0.70 (0.47, 1.04)

0.080

0.55(0.46, 0.67)

 < 0.001***

 Middle

1.11 (0.73, 1.68)

0.628

0.77 (0.64, 0.93)

0.007**

 Richer

0.61 (0.40,0.93)

0.021*

0.74 (0.61, 0.89)

0.002***

 Richest

0.36 (0.22, 0.59)

 < 0.001***

0.20 (0.15, 0.27)

 < 0.001***

Residence (Urban@)

1

   

 Rural

1.72 (1.51, 1.95)

 < 0.001***

4.08 (3.10, 5.35)

 < 0.001***

Household size (Less than 5@)

    

 5 or more

1.17 (1.06, 1.30)

0.002**

1.14 (0.94 (1.38)

0.178

Source of drinking water (Improved@)

    

 Unimproved

1.66 (1.51, 1.82)

 < 0.001***

1.19 (1.05, 1.36)

0.007**

Type of toilet facility (Improved@)

1

   

 Unimproved

1.29 (1.17, 1.42)

 < 0.001***

2.59 (2.08, 3.22)

 < 0.001***

Type of cooking fuel (Cleand@)

    

 Not cleaned

3.57 (2.30, 5.55)

 < 0.001***

2.84 (1.97, 4.11)

 < 0.001***

States (regions) of Ethiopia

    

Regions of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa@)

1

   

 Tigray

3.47 (2.82, 4.29)

 < 0.001***

2.83 (2.11, 3.81))

 < 0.001***

 Afar

1.46 (1.16, 1.84)

 < 0.001***

1.77 (1.24, 2.51)

 < 0.001***

 Amhara

2.37 (1.92,2.9)

 < 0.001***

2.35 (1.75, 3.170

 < 0.001***

 Oromia

2.99 (2.44, 3.70)

 < 0.001***

2.85 (2.13, 3.81)

 < 0.001***

 Somali

1.58 (1.27, 1.98)

 < 0.001***

1.46 (1.04, 2.05)

0.029**

 Benshangul

2.30 (1.85, 2.87)

 < 0.001***

2.43 (1.71, 3.43)

 < 0.001***

 SNNP

2.31 (1.87, 2.84)

 < 0.001***

2.30 (1.70, 3.11)

 < 0.001***

 Gembela

2.05 (1.63, 2.58)

 < 0.001***

2.08 (1.46, 2.94)

 < 0.001***

 Hareri

1.08 (0.83, 1.39)

0.567

1.12 (0.75, 1.68)

0.564

 Dire-Dawa

1.25 (0.97, 1.60)

0.088

1.22 (0.83, 1.79)

0.303

Survey Year (2000@)

    

 2005

0.40 (0.36, 0.45)

0.005**

0.42 (0.37, 0.47)

 < 0.001**

 2011

0.44 (0.40, 0.48)

0.004**

0.46 (0.42, 0.51)

 < 0.001**

 2016

0.30 (0.27, 0.33)

 < 0.001***

0.38 (0.34, 0.44)

 < 0.001***

Level

ICC

Std.err

(95% conf.Interval)

Zones

0.0435

0.009

(0.0283, 0.0660)

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, COR: Crude Odds Ratio, AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval @ references