Table 1 Proportion of covariates and the prevalence of ALRIs (in parenthesis) within each covariate: 2000–2016

Child characteristics

Sex of child Male

50.78 (24.69)

50.74 (12.60)

51.41 (11.60)

51.28 (10.98)

51.06 (14.99)

 Female

49.22 (24.18)

49.26 (12.50)

48.59 (11.82)

48.72 (11.17)

48.94 (14.98)

Age of child (months) 0–11

1.04 (8.670)

21.99 (15.70)

0.95 (5.99)

21.80 (13.37)

11.20 (14.20)

 12–23

2.04 (18.48)

18.56 (14.61)

2.56 (6.66)

19.24 (13.91)

10.41 (13.98)

 24–59

96.92 (24.73)

59.45 (10.74)

96.48 (12.12)

58.96 (9.30)

78.39 (15.33)

Child received BCG No

56.27 (23.71)

48.55 (11.86)

39.56 (11.78)

35.98 (11.94)

46.07 (15.93)

 Yes

43.73 (25.37)

51.45 (13.21)

60.44 (11.66)

64.01 (13.28)

53.93 (15.50)

The child received No

44.11 (24.24)

56.22 (12.24)

52.09 (11.21)

59.68 (11.19)

52.92 (14.22)

 Vitamin A Yes

55.89 (24.63)

43.78 (12.95)

47.91 (12.24)

40.32 (10.91)

47.08 (15.85)

The child received medicine No

95.87 (13.96)

81.34 (11.42)

88.52 (10.91)

87.49 (11.90)

 Yes

4.13 (24.44)

18.66 (12.95)

11.48 (12.35)

12.51 (13.66)

Parental characteristics

Mother’ Educational level No education

81.57 (25.06)

78.65 (12.53)

68.92 (11.72)

65.83 (11.02)

73.70 (15.53)

 Primary education

13.26 (22.65)

16.90 (13.52)

27.27 (11.95)

26.94 (12.37)

21.15 (14.08)

 Secondary education

4.94 (19.49)

4.03 (9.94)

2.28 (11.14)

4.73 (7.87)

3.98 (12.53)

 Higher

0.22 (14.06)

0.42 (2.15)

1.52 (7.41)

0.25 (4.44)

1.17 (5.72)

Father’ Educational level No education

63.71 (24.92)

58.40 (11.97)

49.96 (12.27)

48.54 (10.64)

55.20 (15.60)

 Primary education

25.11 (25.06)

30.46 (13.81)

41.61 (11.54)

39.18 (12.99)

34.10 (14.98)

 Secondary education

9.87 (21.11)

10.04 (13.54)

5.10 (10.23)

7.81 (9.66)

8.16 (14.46)

 Higher

1.31 (15.32)

1.11 (3.13)

3.34 (9.00)

4.47 (3.40)

2.55 (6.88)

Age of mother 15–19

4.42 (30.34)

4.87 (12.80)

4.01 (14.37)

3.45 (13.74)

4.18 (18.09)

 20–29

49.23 (24.33)

48.65 (12.96)

52.05 (11.61)

49.13 (10.94)

49.80 (14.96)

 30–39

35.41 (23.16)

36.32 (12.12)

35.17 (11.27)

38.73 (11.16)

36.38 (14.38)

 40–49

10.94 (26.68)

10.16 (10.04)

8.76 (12.80)

8.69 (10.39)

9.63 (16.08)

Employment status Working

44.15 (24.25)

76.74 (11.98)

65.77 (11.87)

27.12 (12.60)

53.39 (14.46)

Status of the mother Not working

55.85 (24.61)

23.26 (14.44)

34.23 (11.39)

72.88 (10.51)

46.61 (15.43)

Household factors

Wealth index Poorest

12.57 (25.89)

21.94 (12.27)

22.43 (13.03)

23.99 (9.10)

22.78 (11.43)

 Poorer

26.87 (23.45)

20.99 (11.37)

22.14 (9.61)

22.91 (12.81)

22.02 (11.03)

 Middle

20.25 (27.79)

21.86 (14.63)

20.62 (13.69)

20.72 (12.68)

21.05 (13.67)

 Richer

19.08 (24.13)

19.93 (13.14)

19.54 (12.60)

17.85 (13.03)

19.11 (12.91)

 Richest

21.24 (25.79)

15.28 (10.84)

15.28 (8.98)

14.53 (7.90)

15.03 (9.24)

Residence Urban

10.61 (16.31)

7.44 (8.52)

13.00 (8.98)

11.16 (6.64)

10.61 (10.15)

 Rural

89.39 (25.40)

92.56 (12.88)

87.00 (12.12)

88.84 (11.63)

89.39 (15.56)

Household size Less than 5

24.92 (25.85)

22.35 (13.92)

24.02 (11.67)

26.09 (11.41)

24.36 (15.78)

 5 or more

75.08 (23.97)

77.65 (12.16)

75.98 (11.71)

73.91 (10.96)

75.64 (14.73)

Source of drinking water Unimproved

87.05 (25.31)

65.37 (13.37)

59.59 (12.28)

51.50 (11.12)

65.96 (16.68)

 Improve

12.95 (18.55)

34.63 (11.02)

40.41 (10.86)

48.50 (11.03)

34.04 (11.70)

Type of toilet facility Unimproved

86.10 (24.94)

70.79 (12.30)

49.12 (12.57)

39.13 (11.36)

61.23 (16.72)

 Improve

13.90 (21.30)

29.21 (13.17)

50.88 (10.87)

60.57 (10.89)

38.77 (12.24)

Type of cooking fuel Not cleaned

99.99 (24.45)

99.99 (12.55)

99.58 (11.72)

97.15 (11.18)

99.15 (15.05)

 Cleaned

0.01(0.00)

0.01 (0.00)

0.42 (7.29)

2.85 (7.45)

0.85 (7.13)

Stunting status Stunted

49.51 (26.37)

40.82 (11.63)

41.36 (12.32)

37.39 (12.22)

57.36 (16.58)

 Normal

50.49 (24.04)

59.18 (12.70)

58.64 (11.36)

62.21 (10.83)

42.64 (14.88)

 Wasting Wasted

10.37 (27.76)

9.27 (13.82)

9.19 (11.47)

9.93 (14.74)

9.74 (19.08)

 Normal

89.63 (24.81)

90.73 (12.10)

90.81 (16.36)

90.07 (10.98)

90.26 (15.23)

Underweight status Underweighted

45.52 (27.89)

33.84 (11.86)

26.87 (13.81)

23.69 (12.92)

32.28 (19.01)

 Normal

54.48 (22.94)

66.16 (12.47)

7313 (11.23)

76.31 (10.86)

97.72 (13.97)

Diarrhea No

76.34 (18.74)

81.88 (8.66)

86.57 (8.86)

88.22 (8.56)

83.26 (11.03)

 Yes

23.66 (42.96)

18.12 (30.13)

13.43 (30.09)

11.78 (29.91)

1674 (34.68)

 Regions of Ethiopia Tigray

6.59 (29.17)

6.46 (14.41)

6.36 (18.34)

6.59 (15.09)

6.50 (19.39)

 Afar

1.00 (21.91)

0.95 (5.26)

1.01 (7.97)

1.00 (7.95)

0.99 (10.91)

 Amhara

26.02 (21.66)

22.87 (9.32)

22.44 (12.71)

18.88 (10.41)

22.58 (14.04)

 Oromia

40.51 (27.39)

39.74 (14.24)

42.25 (11.56)

43.88 (13.15)

41.61(16.50)

 Somali

1.18 (21.18)

4.28 (6.98)

3.07 (14.59)

4.57 (4.12)

3.25 (9.18)

 Benshangul

1.00 (29.61)

0.94 (9.61)

3.07 (15.73)

1.09 (2.49)

1.05 (14.40)

 SNNP

21.37 (22.13)

22.49 (14.44)

1.15 (9.18)

20.82 (9.05)

21.37 (13.76)

 Gembela

0.23 (20.77)

0.29 (10.42)

20.87 (13.82)

0.24 (5.30)

0.28 (12.62)

 Hareri

0.21 (16.550

0.21 (9.33)

0.34 (1.91)

0.23 (2.54)

0.22 (7.230

 Addis Ababa

1.56(10.36)

1.44 (6.09)

1.94 (5.030

2.26 (5.31)

1.80 (6.48)

 Dire Dawa

0.33 (13.81)

0.34 (2.45)

0.34 (9.27)

0.42 (5.98)

0.36 (7.81)

Total

24.44

12.55

11.70

11.07

14.99