Fig. 8

Night snake (Hypsiglena torquata) vs. Monarch (or milkweed) butterfly (Danaus plexippus); \(n =\) 304; Kuiper’s statistic is \(0.3138 / \sigma = 5.471\), Kolmogorov’s and Smirnov’s is \(0.3138 / \sigma = 5.471\); the lack of deviation at large scores is hard to detect without 30 bins or more (d, e, f, and g), but then the reliability diagrams are too noisy for other scores. Moreover, the diagrams with only 10 or 30 bins (b, c, d, and e) smooth away the extreme deviation for the lowest scores. The graph of cumulative differences (a) captures all phenomena nicely simultaneously. The statistics of Kuiper and of Kolmogorov and Smirnov both report very highly statistically significant deviations between the subpopulations