Table 1 Summary of Studies Covered

Using Micro Level Data – Molecules

Using Gene Expression Data to Make Clinical Predictions

What sub-type of cancer does a patient have? [6]

Will a patient have a relapse of cancer? [7]

Using Tissue Level Data

Creating a Connectivity Map of the Brain Using Brain Images

Can a full connectivity map of the brain be made [8, 9]?

Using MRI Data for Clinical Prediction

Do particular areas of the brain correlate to clinical events? [10]

What level of Alzheimer’s disease does a patient have? [11]

Using Patient Level Data

Prediction of ICU Readmission and Mortality Rate

Should a patient be released from the ICU, or would they benefit from a longer stay? [12–14]

What is the 5 year expectancy of a patient over the age of 50? [15]

Real-Time Predictions Using Data Streams

What ailment does a patient have (real-time prediction) [16, 17]

Is an infant experiencing a cardiorespiratory spell (real-time)? [18]

Using Population Level Data – Social Media

Using Message Board Data to Help Patients Obtain Medical Information

Can message post data be used for dispersing clinically reliable information? [19, 20]

Tracking Epidemics Using Search Query Data

Can search query data be used to accurately track epidemics throughout a population? [5, 21]

Tracking Epidemics Using Twitter Post Data

Can Twitter post data be used to accurately track epidemics throughout a population? [22, 23]