Table 3 Configurations of parameter for all algorithms

All algorithms

Run’s number \(=30\)

Maximum number of iterations \({G}_{max}=100\)

Population size \(N=10\)

Dimensionality D = The number of attributes in the used benchmarks

Lower boundaries LB

Upper boundaries UB

Proposed RBNRO-DE [25, 40]

Probability of nucleus fission \(P_{Fi}=\)uniformly distributed random number

Probability of \(\beta\) decay \(P_\beta =\)uniformly distributed random number

A scale factor \(\alpha =0.01\)

\(\sigma _{\nu }=1\)

\(\beta = 1.5\)

Sine function’s frequency \(freq=0.05\)

Mutation weighting factor \(W_M=0.85\)

Crossover rate \(C_R=0.9\)

BSSA

Number of scroungers \(SD=0.1 ^*N\)

Number of producers \(PD=0.2 ^*N\)

Maximum number of generations in LSA \(=20\)

Safety threshold \(ST=0.8\)

BABC

Number of employed bees \(=16\)

Number of scout bees \(=3\)

Number of onlooker bees \(=4\)

BPSO

Inertia weight \(\left( \omega _\text{max}=0.9 \omega _\text{min}=0.4 \right)\)

Acceleration coefficients \(\left( c_2=c_1=1.2 \right)\)

BBA

Loudness \(A=0.8\)

Lower and upper pulse frequencies \(={0,10}\)

Pulse emission rate \(r=0.95\)

BWOA

a is linearly reduced from 2 to 0

\(b=1.0\)

\(p=0.5\)

BSFO

Ratio between sardines and sailfish \(pp=0.1\)

\(\varepsilon =0.0001\)

\(A=1\)

BHHO

Rabbit energy \(E \in [-1,1]\)

BGWO

a is linearly reduced from 2 to 0

BGOA

\(C_\text{min}=0.00004\) and \(C_\text{max}=1\)

BBSA

Frequency of flight \(ff=10\)

Followed coefficient fl = 0.5

Effect on birds’ vigilance behaviors \(\left( a_1=a_2=1.0 \right)\)

Acceleration coefficients \(\left( c_1=c_2=1.5 \right)\)

Probability of foraging for food \(p=0.8\)

BASO

Multiplier weight \(\beta =0.2\)

Depth weight \(\alpha =50\)

BHGSO

Number of clusters \(=2\)

\(l_1=5E-03\), \(l_2=1E+02\), and \(l_3=1E-02\)

\(\alpha =\beta =0.1\) and \(K=1.0\)