Fig. 4

Procrustes error (PE) between the ground truth with a GP-Isomap (blue line) with the geodesic distance based kernel, b S-Isomap (dashed blue line with dots) and c GP-Isomap (green line) using the Euclidean distance based kernel, for different fractions (f) of data used in the batch \({\mathcal {B}}\). The behavior of PE for a closely matches that for b. However, the PE for GP-Isomap using the Euclidean distance kernel remains high irrespective of f demonstrating its unsuitability for manifolds