Table 2 Baseline characteristics according to the auto-clustering groups

Age, years

69.3 ± 7.9

72.5 ± 7.3

76.1 ± 6.7

76.6 ± 6.7

75.0 ± 7.0

75.3 ± 8.3

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

220 (29.3)

336 (34.3)

171 (40.2)

260 (47.5)

110 (58.8)

30 (53.6)

< 0.001

Residence areas, n (%)

0.231

 Metropolitan Seoul

163 (21.7)

212 (21.7)

82 (19.3)

96 (17.6)

30 (16.0)

10 (17.9)

 Metropolitan

118 (15.7)

182 (18.6)

74 (17.4)

110 (20.1)

38 (20.3)

10 (17.9)

 City

328 (43.7)

429 (43.8)

190 (44.7)

245 (44.8)

89 (47.6)

32 (57.1)

 County

141 (18.8)

156 (15.9)

79 (18.6)

96 (17.6)

30 (16.0)

4 (7.1)

Health insurance types, n (%)

< 0.001

 Self-employed

225 (30.0)

278 (28.4)

120 (28.2)

144 (26.3)

53 (28.3)

14 (25.0)

 Employed

444 (59.2)

603 (61.6)

236 (55.5)

303 (55.4)

116 (62.0)

32 (57.1)

 Medical-aid

81 (10.8)

98 (10.0)

69 (16.2)

100 (18.3)

18 (9.6)

10 (17.9)

NHIP levels, n (%)

< 0.001

 Medical-aid

81 (10.8)

98 (10.0)

69 (16.2)

100 (18.3)

18 (9.6)

10 (17.9)

 1st quartile

94 (12.5)

110 (11.2)

44 (10.4)

53 (9.7)

21 (11.2)

7 (12.5)

 2nd quartile

99 (13.2)

121 (12.4)

48 (11.3)

57 (10.4)

24 (12.8)

7 (12.5)

 3rd quartile

164 (21.9)

181 (18.5)

60 (14.1)

90 (16.5)

41 (21.9)

10 (17.9)

 4th quartile

312 (41.6)

469 (47.9)

204 (48.0)

247 (45.2)

83 (44.4)

22 (39.3)

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension

556 (74.1)

750 (76.6)

344 (80.9)

432 (79.0)

144 (77.0)

40 (71.4)

0.092

 Diabetes

303 (40.4)

432 (44.1)

205 (48.2)

279 (51.0)

91 (48.7)

28 (50.0)

0.003

 Dyslipidemia

387 (51.6)

518 (52.9)

191 (44.9)

242 (44.2)

96 (51.3)

23 (41.1)

0.004

Ischemic heart diseases

63 (8.4)

80 (8.2)

38 (8.9)

61 (11.2)

19 (10.2)

7 (12.5)

0.381

 Atrial fibrillation

34 (4.5)

42 (4.3)

16 (3.8)

39 (7.1)

12 (6.4)

4 (7.1)

0.097

Chronic kidney disease

13 (1.7)

11 (1.1)

14 (3.3)

34 (6.2)

9 (4.8)

6 (10.7)

< 0.001

 Stroke

355 (47.3)

528 (53.9)

227 (53.4)

300 (54.8)

111 (59.4)

33 (58.9)

0.012

 Cancer

50 (6.7)

74 (7.6)

27 (6.4)

50 (9.1)

22 (11.8)

6 (10.7)

0.118

LTCI grade, n (%)

< 0.001

 1

5 (2.0)

61 (7.3)

27 (8.5)

37 (11.3)

46 (27.7)

0 (0.0)

 2

17 (6.9)

120 (14.4)

53 (16.6)

89 (27.2)

35 (21.1)

0 (0.0)

 3

73 (29.4)

553 (66.1)

219 (68.7)

201 (61.5)

85 (51.2)

0 (0.0)

 4

118 (47.6)

80 (9.6)

17 (5.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 5

32 (12.9)

20 (2.4)

3 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 Others

3 (1.2)

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

National Disability Registration grade, n (%)

< 0.001

 1

3 (0.4)

71 (7.3)

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

27 (14.4)

0 (0.0)

 2

4 (0.5)

97 (9.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

44 (23.5)

0 (0.0)

 3

11 (1.5)

116 (11.8)

7 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

38 (20.3)

0 (0.0)

 4

14 (1.9)

81 (8.3)

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

11 (5.9)

0 (0.0)

 5

23 (3.1)

57 (5.8)

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

5 (2.7)

0 (0.0)

 6

5 (0.7)

27 (2.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 Out of grade

690 (90.2)

530 (54.1)

415 (97.6)

547 (100)

62 (33.2)

56 (100)

Months to death^a

113.7 ± 3.2

99.8 ± 19.8

72.0 ± 10.7

31.1 ± 13.8

25.3 ± 14.7

4.2 ± 3.0

< 0.001

Months to LTCI registration^a

106.6 ± 12.9

45.9 ± 36.6

38.4 ± 28.8

15.7 ± 14.7

11.1 ± 10.2

4.2 ± 3.0

< 0.001

Months to National Disability Registration^a

111.9 ± 8.0

69.1 ± 42.6

70.9 ± 13.2

31.1 ± 13.8

9.8 ± 7.9

4.2 ± 3.0

< 0.001