Artificial intelligence for improving Nitrogen Dioxide forecasting of Abu Dhabi environment agency ground-based stations

AlShehhi, Aamna; Welsch, Roy

doi:10.1186/s40537-023-00754-z

Journal of Big Data

Table 4 Feature Importance of the Transformer model using Cross-validation: The permutation feature importance reported the decrease in the MAE score when the single value is randomly shuffled. The most important features are the one with a higher values

From: Artificial intelligence for improving Nitrogen Dioxide forecasting of Abu Dhabi environment agency ground-based stations

Station	Lag 10	Lag 9	Lag 8	Lag 7	Lag 6	Lag 5	Lag 4	Lag 3	Lag 2	Lag 1
Station 1	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	1.06 (± 0.03)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)
Station 2	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.92 (± 0.04)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 3	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	1.03 (± 0.03)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 4	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.01)	1.0 (± 0.04)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 5	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.0)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.89 (± 0.05)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)
Station 6	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	1.06 (± 0.03)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 7	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.04 (± 0.01)	0.94 (± 0.03)	0.04 (± 0.02)	0.04 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)
Station 8	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	1.02 (± 0.03)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 9	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	1.05 (± 0.05)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 10	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	1.02 (± 0.05)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 11	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	1.05 (± 0.03)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 12	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.02 (± 0.0)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	1.0 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)
Station 14	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.02 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.02 (± 0.0)	0.02 (± 0.0)	0.93 (± 0.04)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 15	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)	1.03 (± 0.03)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 16	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	1.07 (± 0.02)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 17	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	1.04 (± 0.04)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 18	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.01)	1.03 (± 0.04)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)
Station 19	0.01 (± 0.01)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	1.0 (± 0.04)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.0)	0.01 (± 0.01)
Station 20	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.0)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.02 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)	1.07 (± 0.04)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)	0.03 (± 0.01)

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