The evolution of Big Data in neuroscience and neurology

Dipietro, Laura; Gonzalez-Mego, Paola; Ramos-Estebanez, Ciro; Zukowski, Lauren Hana; Mikkilineni, Rahul; Rushmore, Richard Jarrett; Wagner, Timothy

doi:10.1186/s40537-023-00751-2

Journal of Big Data

Table 6 Sample of Pain “Big Data” Studies

From: The evolution of Big Data in neuroscience and neurology

Refs	Year	Author	Vol	Var	Vel	Ver	Val
[298]	2013	Kim	18,590 patients	Insurance disease/procedure codes, tracking recurring surgical methods (e.g., fusion, laminectomy, open and endoscopic discectomy, nucleolysis)	F	A	C
[165]	2015	Zaslansky	> 35,000 patients [299, 300]	Surveys, medical records, ward practices	O (HD)	A	C
[169]	2016	Ultsch	535 pain genes	Genes, pain types (e.g., chronic)	F	A	C
[301]	2017	Taghva	178 patients with SCS	Clinical, electrode location, paresthesia map, SCS programs	F	Mix	C
[168]	2017	Lotsch	4834 database-queried drugs, 20 genes	Genes, syndromes, analgesic drugs	F	A	C
[302]	2017	Nijs	NA	NA	NA	NA	C
[303]	2017	Nomura	51,000 EHRs	Clinical, sociodemographic, medication hx	O	Mix	C
[304]	2018	Min	2 M AEs:64,354 associated to painkillers	FDA’s Adverse Events Reporting System Reports	O	Mix	C
[172]	2018	deVries	102 subjects (34 with radiographic signs of hip OA)	Clinical, imaging (e.g., MRI), gait biomechanics, & bone shape analysis	F	Mix	C
[305]	2018	Bomberg	26,733 German Network for Regional Anesthesia registry case reports	Clinical, imaging (e.g., ultrasound), block site, surgical specialty	F	A	C
[306]	2020	Kwon	514,866 Health Records– > 204,066 Male records [160, 105 smokers, 43, 961 nonsmokers]	Clinical (e.g., LBP diagnosis), self-reported recreational drug use	O	Mix	C
[167]	2020	Mukasa	> 500,000 participants extracted from Korean National Health Insurance Service Database	Clinical, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, drug hx	O	A	C
[307]	2020	Schnabel	50,005 post-op patients	Clinical, Surgery parameters	F	A	C
[142]	2020	Wong	NA	NA	F	A	C
[166]	2021	Muller-Wirtz	NA	NA	NA	NA	C
[308]	2021	Yu	837 video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery cases	Clinical, medication hx	F	A	C
[309]	2021	Huie	159 rats	Genes, behavioral and histological data, proteins	F	A	P
[310]	2021	Kringel	30/28 patients with high/common opioid dosing	Genetics, opioid dosage	F	A	C
[170]	2021	Wu	650 patients (n = 275 decompression group, n = 375 fusion group) (from 6 RCTs)	Demographics, treatment outcome and complications, clinical variables (e.g., VAS pain)- Classic Meta-Analysis	F	Mix	C
[171]	2021	Lin	84 OA patients (42 tretinoin, 42 sodium glutamate)	Clinical, gait kinematics (video-based)	F	Mix	C
[311]	2022	Anis	“681 patients with IC/BPS” and 3376 controls	Clinical variables, demographics, diagnoses	F	Mix	C

We have classified the [111, 165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172, 298, 299, 301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311] citations with the classic 5 V’s definition. However, these are not always clearly defined in the prospective studies, retrospective studies, or review articles. For Volume (Vol): We focused on the size of patient cohorts. For Variety (Vol): We indicate the different data and specimen types derived from the cohorts (note, Variety can also be seen in patient type, tabulated in Volume; and vice versa the data type is indicative of volume indicated in Variety). For Velocity (Vol): We reported the Data Velocity as either ‘F’ for Fixed studies (analyzing data from databases or studies which are no longer acquiring data) or ‘O’ for Ongoing studies (analyzing data from databases or clinical studies that are still acquiring data, although it should be noted that the reported results of the studies are based on analysis of a fixed data set with the noted volume at the time of the publication). We also indicate if any “real-time” data was or will be gathered as part of the study (HD Hospital upload Dependent). Where any type of velocity information is given, and a velocity calculation can be made, it is provided in the Additional file 1: Table S6 (and noted herein with a *). For Veracity (Vol): M Manual verification, A Data verified through automated analytical process (AI, statistical methods), and Mix Automated Analytical and Manual (or semi-automated). However, all experimental data veracity is dependent on the methodological limitations of the core studies; thus, we also provide examples of variability or error in the Additional file 1: Table S6. For Value (Vol): As neither study costs are disclosed, health economics assessments completed, nor a monetary cost assigned in the sale or purchase of any of the above data sets, we report "P" for Preclinical, “C” for Clinical value or “PC” for Preclinical and Clinical, dependent on the study species and data use. The limitations to these definitions and study information availability are described in the text (e.g., see “Proposed Solutions”). In the Additional file 1, Additional file 1: Table S6, we also include information on the tools used, database source(s), and methodological limitations. What should be noted in several of the studies, particularly with smaller patient samples, is the liberal use the “Big Data” classification by the authors (e.g., contrast [111] which is a classic meta-analysis with [171] which implements multimodal data sets (e.g., Clinical, imaging, kinematics) and Big Data analytic methods). For Year we indicate the year of the earliest publication. SCS Spinal cord stimulation, OA osteoarthritis, IC interstitial cystitis, BPS bladder pain syndrome, VAS visual analog scale

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