The evolution of Big Data in neuroscience and neurology

Dipietro, Laura; Gonzalez-Mego, Paola; Ramos-Estebanez, Ciro; Zukowski, Lauren Hana; Mikkilineni, Rahul; Rushmore, Richard Jarrett; Wagner, Timothy

doi:10.1186/s40537-023-00751-2

Journal of Big Data

Table 4 Sample of PD “Big Data” Studies

From: The evolution of Big Data in neuroscience and neurology

Refs	Year	Author	Vol	Var	Vel	Ver	Val
[140]	2010	Dinov	PD (263 de novo, 40 SWEDD), 127 HC	PPMI imaging, genetics, clinical and demographic	O	A	C
[265, 266, 267]	2012	PDBP Cons	> 2000 Parkinsonian, > 250 Lewy body	Biospecimen (e.g., blood), imaging (e.g., fMRI), clinical	O	A	C
[141]	2014	Nalls	“7,893,274 variants across 13,708 cases and 95,282 controls”	Demographics, genetic, clinical	O	Mix
[116]	2018	Prince	312 PD subjects & 236 HC	Demographics, clinical, walking, voice, finger tapping	F(ApD)	A	C
[268]	2016	Cohen	NA (but includes 700,000 h smartwatch data from hundreds of PD)	Clinical, kinematics	F(ApD)	A	C
[144, 269, 270, 271, 272]	2017	Age Plat. EU	> 4500 Elderly Adults	Behaviroal (acitvity), location, typing, voice	O(ApD)	A	C
[273]	2017	Suo	153 PD, 81 HC	Clinical, imaging (e.g., rs-fMRI)	F	Mix	C
[180]	2017	Horn	95 PD patients with STN DBS [2 centers]	Imaging (eg. rs-fMRI), clinical	F	A	C
[274]	2018	Senthilarumugam	1479 patients (418 PD, 172 HC, 62 prodromal, 827 genetic cohorts)	PPMI imaging, genetics, clinical and demographic	O	A	C
[120]	2018	Peter	170 million health care–covered- > 144,018 IBD & 720,090 HC claim info	Incidence rates, anti-TNF Rx rates, ICD-9 & 10 codes	F	-	C
[275]	2019	Sreenivasan	20 early-stage drug-naïve PD,,16 HC	Clinical, imaging (e.g., MRI, fMRI)	F	A	C
[123]	2020	Yu	93 PD, 95 HC	Clinical, serum VK2 levels, genetic	F	A	C
[276]	2021	Wu	5,998 PD or ET DBS patients [283 centers]	Medicare Claims Files (eg., reoperation rate)	O	A	C
[277]	2021	Zhang	60,000 dialogues(40,000 patients & 3000 practitioners), 2895 Demographics	Demographics, patient descriptions of symptoms	O(SM)*	A	C
[278]	2021	De Micco	147 drug-naïve PD, 38 HC	Clinical, imaging (e.g., rs-fMRI), demographics	F	A	C
[191]	2022	Monte-Rubio	216 PD & 87 HC [4 centers]	Imaging(MRI from multiple sites)	F	Mix	C
[279]	2022	Loh	75 PD DBS candidates	Demographic,clinical, imaging (e.g., MRI, rs-fMRI)	F	A	C

We have classified the example citations [116, 120, 123, 140, 141, 144, 180, 191, 265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279] with the classic 5 V’s definition. However, these are not always clearly defined in the prospective studies, retrospective studies, or review articles. For Volume: We focused on the size of patient cohorts. For Variety: We indicate the different data and specimen types derived from the cohorts (note, Variety can also be seen in patient type, tabulated in Volume; and vice versa the data type is indicative of volume indicated in Variety). For Velocity: We reported the data Velocity as either ‘F’ for Fixed studies (analyzing data from databases or studies which are no longer acquiring data) or ‘O’ for Ongoing studies (analyzing data from databases or clinical studies that are still acquiring data, although it should be noted that the reported results of the studies are based on analysis of a fixed data set with the noted volume at the time of the publication). We also indicate if any “real-time” data was or will be gathered as part of the study (ApD Mobile App Realtime Dependent; SM Social Media Dependent). Where any type of velocity information is given, and a velocity calculation can be made, it is provided in the Additional file 1: Table S4 (and noted herein with a *). For Veracity: M Manual verification; A Data verified through automated analytical process (AI, statistical methods); and Mix Automated Analytical and Manual (or semi-automated). However, all experimental data veracity is dependent on the methodological limitations of the core studies; thus, we also provide examples of variability or error in the Additional file 1: Table S4. For Value: As neither study costs are disclosed, health economics assessments completed, nor a monetary cost assigned in the sale or purchase of any of the above data sets, we report "P" for Preclinical or “Cl” for Clinical value, dependent on the study species and data use. The limitations to these definitions and study information availability are described in the text (e.g., see “Proposed Solutions”). In the Additional file Section, Additional file 1: Table S4, we also include information on the tools used, database source(s), and methodological limitations. For Year we indicate the year of the earliest publication

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